Nearly two-thirds of schoolchildren in the U.S. are taught lessons on climate change that do not rise to the level of a sound science education, according to new research on Thursday.
The finding provides new evidence on the source of the confusion and denial surrounding global warming in American public life.
In the first national survey of classroom science teachers, researchers found there was short shrift given to the teaching of climate change in public middle and high schools in all 50 states.
Confusing
The survey of 1,500 teachers, published in Science on Thursday, found most pupils spend only an hour or two in the course of an academic year learning about climate change in middle and high school - and much of what they are taught is confusing or simply wrong.
Only 38 per cent of American schoolchildren were taught lessons that adhere to the scientific consensus that climate change is largely the result of the burning of fossil fuels, the researchers from Pennsylvania State University and the National Centre for Science Education found.
Some 30 per cent of teachers spent less than an hour on climate change during the last academic year, the researchers found. In higher grades, much of that time was spent going over old material without introducing more advanced material.
What causes climate change?
Some seven per cent attributed recent warming to natural causes - which is simply wrong - while four per cent of teachers avoided talking about the cause of climate change.
Another 22 per cent said their lessons mentioned the scientific consensus - but also that there was significant disagreement among scientists, which is also incorrect.
The findings suggest that younger generations - those most likely to experience the havoc and stress of climate change in their lifetimes - are not getting the education to best serve their needs.
Why is it important?
Eric Plutzer, a political scientist at Penn State, and a co-author of the study, said: "We don't think that is good preparation for citizens to be effective in advocating for policies that are going to be critical to their own generation and their children and grandchildren."
The lack of teaching and the mixed messages about climate change leave schoolchildren more susceptible to disinformation about climate change spread by political or corporate interests once they enter adulthood, the researchers said.
The energy industry has spent millions funding climate denial and supporting Republicans in Congress who deny global warming is occurring.
Indeed, the researchers found that many of the teachers themselves were confused about the causes of climate change. Only 30 per cent of middle school teachers and 45 per cent of high school teachers said that human activity was the main driver of climate change, the researchers found.
Their findings are in line with other studies which have found systemic failings in the teaching of climate change. A Stanford University study of science textbooks used in California public schools last year found misleading material.
However, the researchers said it would be unfair to heap the blame on teachers.
Climate science was not yet part of the testable curriculum for many schools - which means there were fewer guidelines available to teachers.
That also meant that teachers were inclined to spend more time teaching other material that students would encounter on standardised tests.
What can be done?
Fewer than half of teachers reported receiving any training in climate science at university, said Josh Rosenau, policy director for the National Center for Science in Education and a co-author. "The scientific community has not made sure that teachers are kept up to date with those advances," he said, adding that there should be continuing education programs on climate change for teachers. - © Guardian Newspapers Limited, 2016